Definitions

Terms Used in Individual Standardized Tests
From SchwabLearning.org

If your child was assessed individually by a specialist, you’ve probably received a written or oral report (or both) of the test results. Are you still confused about what the tests actually measured? Do you wonder what the results mean for your child?

Common Terminology

Because different professionals and school districts use various tests, some tests are revised regularly, and new tests often become available, it’s impossible to mention every term you might find in a report. Here are some of the more frequently used terms in assessment reports. They are listed according to the specialist who most likely tested your child.

Terms Used by Speech and Language Pathologists

Articulation: the ability to produce speech sounds clearly. Kids with an articulation disorder have difficulty communicating effectively because they distort speech sounds. However, substitution of letter sounds in words is common at certain ages, such as /w/ for /r/ in “rabbit” to get “wabbit.”

Morphology: changes in words, such as adding prefixes or suffixes, or changing the inflection of words when speaking 
Prefixes and suffixes change words in predictable ways, e.g., when “s” is added to a word, it becomes plural and changes the meaning from one to more than one. Words with a common root share common meanings, e.g., since “talk” means to speak, adding the suffix “ed” to doesn’t change the meaning but defines when the speaking took place. (The suffix “ed” put the action in the past.)

Oral Language: ability to understand and express spoken language

Receptive language is listening, remembering, and understanding what someone else says.

Expressive language is the ability to organize thoughts and express them verbally to convey meaning to others.

Phonology: speech sounds of the language
There are 44 phonemes in English, including sounds made by combining more than one letter, such as /th/. A letter can have more than one sound, such as the different sounds “g” has in “go” and “gentle.”

Pragmatics: social language skills 
Social language involves at least two people. It includes the ability to maintain eye contact, understand body language of others, take turns in a conversation, stick to the subject, and use oral language appropriate for the situation (speaking quietly in church, not telling rude jokes).

Semantics: word meanings and the relationships between words 
In addition to understanding definitions of words, semantic knowledge includes recognizing words with the same or opposite meaning, e.g., knowing “bucket” and “pail” mean the same or that the opposite of “hot” is “cold.” It includes understanding figures of speech, e.g., knowing “waiting for the other shoe to drop” means waiting for the next related event to happen.

Syntax: rules for putting words into meaningful sentences 
The ordering of words gives meaning to a sentence, e.g., an adjective comes before the noun it describes — “green grass” rather than “grass green” or a noun and verb change position in a statement and a question — “It is raining,” or “Is it raining?”. Correct grammar also includes agreement in a sentence between subject, what is talked about, and verb, what is happening, e.g.,“The girl went home,” instead of “The girl goed home.”

Terms Used by General or Special Education Teachers

Mathematics: number skills
Math computation is the ability to manipulate numbers to add, subtract, multiply, and divide correctly. 
Math reasoning, or math application, involves the ability to comprehend number, space, and time relationships. It includes understanding word problems in math, as well as the process required to solve them.

Phonemic Awareness: ability to discriminate the distinct, individual sounds (phonemes) that make words 
This is the ability to focus on and manipulate the sounds in spoken syllables without using letters. Poor phonemic awareness can make it difficult to process spoken language and lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation of what has been said.

Phonics: method of teaching the connection between letters and sounds by associating the symbols with sounds
The child must apply phonic rules when sounding out words and spelling them. For example, generally two vowels written together have a long vowel sound — “When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking.” So when the letters “ai” are seen together in a word, the “a” says its name — has the long vowel sound. Knowing this rule helps a child read words like “nail” and “main.”

Reading Comprehension: understanding the meaning of what is read in connected text
In order to gain meaning from reading, a child needs to understand new vocabulary, follow the progression of a story, and understand the information. A sign of comprehension is the ability to explain or paraphrase what was read.

Reading Recognition/Decoding: ability to decipher words by using knowledge about letters, sounds, and how to pronounce similar, familiar words 
To correctly sound out the word “dot”, your child sees the word begins with the letter “d” and has the sound /d/, identifies “o” as a vowel with the short sound because it’s the only vowel in the word, and recognizes the word ends with a “t” and makes the sound /t/. Then the child must blend the sounds in the right order to say the word “dot.” For some words that don’t follow rules of phonics — “the,” “you,” “said,” “some,” “very” — a child needs to rely on visual memory.

Written Language: skills used to communicate with others through writing 
Handwriting includes being able to form letters correctly, maintain appropriate relationships between letter and lines, and space between words.

Grammar and word usage skills require applying rules of grammar, punctuation, and capitalization and being able to spell words correctly. Proper names and the beginning words of sentences begin with capitals, and sentences end with punctuation marks. 
Written expression is the ability to get thoughts and ideas down on paper in an organized form, using good sentence and paragraph structure. It involves being able to identify main ideas and supporting details and to communicate that information in a clear, engaging way.

Terms Used by School or Educational Psychologists

Attention: selective focus on what is important while screening out distractions
Ability to pay attention permits kids to listen intently to classroom instruction even though others in the class may be talking, feet are shuffling on the floor, or a plane is flying overhead.

Auditory Processing: given normal hearing, the ability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way 
Auditory processing includes all of these skills: identifying the source of sound, recognizing sounds and discriminating between sounds, sequencing auditory information, storing and recalling auditory information, and functioning in a background of noise.

Cognition: ability to think, reason, and solve problems
Cognitive skills usually are measured by an individual test of intelligence, sometimes called an IQ test. Cognition refers to perception, memory, and judgment and involves understanding language, numbers, spatial relationships, and time. It requires being able to generalize from past experience and use that knowledge to respond to new situations.

Impulsivity: behaving without thinking about possible consequences
Impulsive children may act or speak without first thinking about how their behavior might make other people react or feel. They don’t consider other ways of behaving before acting.

Visual Processing: given normal vision, the ability to recognize and interpret information taken in through the eyes
Skills of visual processing include perceiving the position of objects in space and their relationship to other objects; identifying objects based on their color, form shape, pattern, size and position; picking out a specific object from a group of objects; recognizing an object although part of it may be missing; recognizing the whole object; and identifying the parts of that object.

The Specialist Knows

Whenever you have a question about your child’s test results or need a specific term explained, contact the specialist who gave the test. This is the best person to explain the term and what it means about your child’s unique needs. Together, you can identify strategies to help your child succeed.

About the Author 
Joyce Destefanis holds a B.A. in Education and M.A. in Education Administration. During her 40 years in education, Joyce developed and managed Early Childhood special education programs. She specialized in services for children requiring early intervention. Read more articles by Joyce Destefanis

A Translation Guide to Education Jargon 
by Claudette Riley And Diane Long, The Tennessean, October 26, 2003
For more articles like this visit http://www.bridges4kids.org.

Here's a sentence somebody might say these days in a school near you:

"Now that we have to disaggregate scores on a CRT, I don't see how Title I kids are going to make AYP."

If you understood that, face it: You're a hopeless education nerd. But parents and other people interested in schools need to recognize some of the jargon common in a discussion about the No Child Left Behind education law. Here's a translation guide:

NCLB - That's shorthand for No Child Left Behind, the federal law that requires 100% of students to be proficient in reading and math by 2013-14. Add a few vowels and you can hear why the real insiders call it "nickel-be."

AYP - Adequate yearly progress. NCLB requires schools to reach a series of test-score benchmarks along the nine-year path to 100% proficiency. Miss the mark and the school doesn't make AYP.

Proficient - Every state must set a standard for the reading and math performance of its students. Students who meet or exceed that standard are considered proficient, which helps the school meet AYP.

Disaggregate - Schools can no longer report a single average test score for the entire school. Under NCLB, the scores must be disaggregated, or separated, for eight subgroups to show whether each made AYP.

Title I - The biggest chunk of NCLB is Title I, the section concerning students from low-income families. Other titles in the law deal with immigrant students, parental choice, technology and highly qualified teachers.

Highly qualified - Under NCLB, teachers must meet new requirements to teach in a public school after 2005-06. If they do, they're considered highly qualified. There's a companion set of expectations for teacher aides.

NRT - Norm-referenced test. Under its old plan, Tennessee used an NRT to show how well the state's students performed when compared with their peers across the country.

CRT - Criterion-referenced test. NCLB requires a CRT to show whether an individual student is considered proficient when measured against the state's academic standards in each subject.

Accommodation - States are allowed to give some students extra help on the CRT. Such accommodations include more time to take the test or a simplified-language version for special education students or students who are learning English.

Safe harbor - Schools that don't reach some of the NCLB benchmarks can still make AYP if they make enough progress in improving test scores.

EE - Exemplary Educators are Tennessee's front-line offense for schools struggling under the rules of NCLB. The veteran teachers are trained and assigned to schools that need help.

Recommended Reading

From Emotions to Advocacy: The Special Education Survival Guide
by Pam & Pete Wright Features additional education glossaries Special Education and Legal Terms, and glossary of assessment terms. ISBN # 1 –892320-08-8 order on line at www.wrightslaw.com